HERACLITUS

1. All things proceed from a (...) dry and hot and end by being absorbed therein.

2. All things are in perpetual transformation.

3. The metamorphoses of matter are ruled by a Law which neither Gods nor men can modify.

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Plato includes in the denominative ideas:

1. What modern philosophy calls universal laws of thought, ethics, taste.

2. What Aristotle will call Categories a general forms in which we conceive all things.

3. What natural science calls types, species, ideas (proper) .

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1. Ideas are real beings.

2. Ideas are more real than objects of the senses.

3. Ideas are the only things which are real by themselves. Objects have but a borrowed reality.

Plato perhaps not idealist. He allows the world unreality but not no‑reality.

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Idea — eternal being.

Matter — eternal not‑being (Plato).

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Leibnitzian idea of series. Weber p. 414,

Plato a relative idealist, for he allows matter an existence, however inferior.